Good stuff - warning (I liked this CA), this will be long.
@spyman - On Bob and "I accept there is a potential flaw in my reasoning. The first part "nothing can come from nothing". I have no proof for this statement, but I shall ask you to accept it as self-evident."
Right, in a way your Bob story is similar. However, as the creator, we believe that this creator has a vested interest in His creation. Who creates on a whim and then abandons? Thus, this creator has a desire to interact with His creation, through giving free will, the creation has every right to abstain from interaction. Then, what better way to interact with all of history than through written word? This written word then helps us determine the essence of our creator, who is not Bob.
@Chrisp -
"I used the concept of kin selection which is Dawkins, but the idea of social co-operation is I believe, my own" - It's definitely not your own, I'll get there in a minute.
"So then by what authority can you say that homosexuality is a sin or that eating shellfish is OK? By what means can you know that your morality is really the morality that God has lain out for you?"
The Bible reveals the will of God, though not exhaustively. Homosexuality, for example, is a clear in error per the Bible. As is murder, theft, etc. However what of something like women preaching? This it is not crystal clear on, which is why different denomination differ on it. What about even, gulp, slavery? The Bible says nothing of Roman slavery (which was very different than the much later African Slave trade, which was obvious sin - in that it was the buying and selling of people as property), which was why both sides used biblical passages to "defend" their view. The Bible can most definitely be used to force one's own agenda because it just isn't exhaustive truth. If I felt like God told me everyone must eat cheerios every morning, the Bible does not refute that.
To return to your postulated idea on how morality has developed I say this:
If I understand correctly, basically what you're saying is that everything about us can be explained as a function of natural selection. We've learned throughout the ages to co-operate to the betterment of each person. I'd argue against our reason for cooperation first, because you simply don't see this in nature. Species, or even members of the same species do not, to the ebst of my knowledge, cooperate so that they may benefit. Plus, you're answer that the value of life is innate because it is necessary for life seems really circular. Of course we'd value life, we're alive!
Dennett says this, "Everything we value--from sugar and sex and money to music and love and religion--we value for reasons. Lying behind, and distinct from, our reasons are evolutionary reasons, free-floating rationales that have been endorsed by natural selection."
Akin to this thinking, Scott Atran, Richard Dawkins, David Sloan Wilson and others think that belief in God made people happier and more unselfish, which meant their families and tribes survived and they got better mates. So, though God is not there, we invented him to better ourselves through the ages; belief in God is hardwired into our physiology because in some way it associated with traits that bettered our ancestors' lives. The clues for God and clues to nothing.
Here's my main objection: If this is true, than we cannot trust our own senses at all; afterall, evolution is only interested in preserving adaptive behavior, not true belief. In a "New York Times Magazine" article one scientist says, "In some circumstances a symbolic belief that departs from factual reality fares better." This wass the case, so say Dennett et al, with belief in God throughout history.
So here's the thing: we must than hold that all of our cognitive faculties exist currently to help us live, not to give us any accurate or true picture of the world around us. Patricia Churchland says it like this, "The principal chore of [brains] is to get the body parts where they should be in order that the organism may survive. Improvements in sensorimotor control confer an evolutionary advantage: a fancier style of representing [the world] is advantageous so long as it...enhances the organism's chances for survival. Truth, whatever that is, takes the hindmost." Even Thomas Nagel, the prominent philosopher and atheist says, "[Can we have any] continued confidence in reason as a source of knowledge about the nonapparent character of the world? In itself, I believe an evolutionary story [of the human race] tells against such confidence."
Keller says this, then, "If our cognitive faculties only tell us what we need to survive, not what is true, why trust them about anything at all?"
Two solutions for you then, Chrisp.
1. Backtrack and say, ok, maybe we can trust our minds to tell us about things, including God. If we find clues that seem compelling to us, well, MAYBE he's really there. or
2. Admit that we can't trust our minds about anything.
You're going to choose number one, to your credit, based on what you've said above. I'd like others to intellectually assent.