1) The vast majority, if not all of the models were wrong in their projections of global temperature over the last decade. Where they were correct is their fitting of past data, not so much of an achievement really. There has been minimal, if any, increase in globally measured temperatures over the last 10-15 years, period.
2) The mediaeval warm period was a global event (Rosenthal, Y., Linsley, B. K., & Oppo, D. W. (2013). Pacific ocean heat content during the past 10,000 years. Science, 342(6158), 617-621). Temperatures then matched current ones (Büntgen, U., & Tegel, W. I. L. L. Y. (2011). European tree-ring data and the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Pages news, 19(1), 14-150). Why is this absent from the hockey stick? What could be the motivation?
3) D'Arrigo, R., Wilson, R., Liepert, B., & Cherubini, P. (2008). On the ‘divergence problem’in northern forests: a review of the tree-ring evidence and possible causes. Global and Planetary Change, 60(3), 289-305
Here is the abstract in full
An anomalous reduction in forest growth indices and temperature sensitivity has been detected in tree-ring width and density records from many circumpolar northern latitude sites since around the middle 20th century. This phenomenon, also known as the “divergence problem”, is expressed as an offset between warmer instrumental temperatures and their underestimation in reconstruction models based on tree rings. The divergence problem has potentially significant implications for large-scale patterns of forest growth, the development of paleoclimatic reconstructions based on tree-ring records from northern forests, and the global carbon cycle. Herein we review the current literature published on the divergence problem to date, and assess its possible causes and implications. The causes, however, are not well understood and are difficult to test due to the existence of a number of covarying environmental factors that may potentially impact recent tree growth. These possible causes include temperature-induced drought stress, nonlinear thresholds or time-dependent responses to recent warming, delayed snowmelt and related changes in seasonality, and differential growth/climate relationships inferred for maximum, minimum and mean temperatures. Another possible cause of the divergence described briefly herein is ‘global dimming’, a phenomenon that has appeared, in recent decades, to decrease the amount of solar radiation available for photosynthesis and plant growth on a large scale. It is theorized that the dimming phenomenon should have a relatively greater impact on tree growth at higher northern latitudes, consistent with what has been observed from the tree-ring record. Additional potential causes include “end effects” and other methodological issues that can emerge in standardization and chronology development, and biases in instrumental target data and its modeling. Although limited evidence suggests that the divergence may be anthropogenic in nature and restricted to the recent decades of the 20th century, more research is needed to confirm these observations.
To repeat: The divergence problem has potentially significant implications for large-scale patterns of forest growth, the development of paleoclimatic reconstructions based on tree-ring records from northern forests, and the global carbon cycle.
4) To the PhD student I thoroughly recommend this article, please be brave and read it.
Mahoney, M. J. (1977). Publication prejudices: An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system. Cognitive therapy and research, 1(2), 161-175.
On the detail here are a couple of examples which illustrate the unfortunate language used:
On tree ring divergence from Phil Jones: ‘’ "I’ve just completed Mike’s Nature trick of adding in the real temps to each series for the last 20 years (ie from 1981 onwards) and from 1961 for Keith’s to hide the decline." What he means is that he has ignored tree ring data after the point where they diverged from the thermometer-derived temperature record, but include them prior to that where they suited his case. Is that good science?
AND
On keeping an unfavourable paper out of the IPCC report Jones wrote this – ‘’ “I can’t see either of these papers being in the next IPCC report. Kevin and I will keep them out somehow — even if we have to redefine what the peer-review literature is!” Pretty clear I think, what is he so afraid of?